Risk Analysis on Investment Decisions - 1436 Words

Risk Analysis on Investment Decisions Investment techniques used in corporate finance when making decisions on projects usually focuses on cash flows of the firm (Ross, Westerfield, and Jaffe, 2004). Because of drastic changes in the business environment over the last decade, managers are requesting better, more accurate information, and improved techniques to meet company needs for making major decisions with data consisting of clear goals, a planned design, high ethics, revealed limitations, adequate analysis, and justified conclusions (Cooper and Schindler, 2003). In this paper, the methods of net present value and internal rate of return are examined based on real-world capital budgeting decisions. This paper also gives insight on†¦show more content†¦The choice between the methods does not affect after-tax cash flows of the firms. The difference between the value of the combined firm and the sum of the values of the firms as separate entities is the synergy from the acq uisition (Ross, Westerfield, and Jaffe, 2004, p. 802). The acquiring firm generally pays a premium for the acquired firm. One reason for acquisition of another company is that a combined firm generates greater revenues. Increased revenues may come from marketing gains, strategic benefits, and market power. Mergers and acquisitions produce greater operating revenues through improved marketing and the shareholders of the acquiring firm will gain if the synergy from the merger is greater than the premium (Ross, Westerfield, and Jaffe, 2004). Benefits of an acquisition derive from revenue enhancement, cost reduction, lower taxes, and lower cost of capital. Risks Associated with Investment Decisions Capital budgeting must be placed on an incremental basis, ignoring sunk costs and considering both opportunity costs and side effects. As the company expands, working capital rises over the early part of the project, with all working capital recovered at the end of the project. All inventories is sold by the end of the project, the cash balance is liquidated, and all accounts receivable are collected, generating cash from other sources in the company, hence cash outflows. If working capital is at a high level, there will be no cash outflow overShow MoreRelatedRisk Analysis on Investment Decisions955 Words   |  4 PagesRisk Analysis on Investment Decision Silicon Arts Inc. (SAI) is a four year old company that manufactures digital imaging integrated Circuits (IC’s) that are used in digital cameras, DVD players, computers, and medical and scientific instruments. Hal Eichner, SAI’s Chairman, has a two-point agenda for the company to increase market share and keep pace with technology. As the Financial Analyst for the company one must analyze two mutually exclusive capital investment proposals. The two optionsRead MoreRisk Analysis on Investment Decision1101 Words   |  5 PagesRisk Analysis on Investment Decision Net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability index are measures used to compare two mutually exclusive capital investment proposals. SAI wants to increase market share and keep up with technology, which can be done by either expanding their existing Digital Imaging market share or by entering the Wireless Communication market, (UoP, 2007). Both alternatives have areas of opportunity as well as potential risks that the company will have toRead MoreApplication Of Management Accounting Theories Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence one company’s decision making process, evaluation process, performance estimation and investment management. This report will emphasize two important areas which are investment appraisal and variance analysis which are used to make the decision and estimation. For investment appraisal methods, the internal variables and external variables will have the specific influenced on the capital investment appraisal methods, especially the CIAM methods. However, the investment appraisal process hasRead MoreThe Importance of Risk Analysis in Capital Budgeting700 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of Risk Analysis in Capital Budgeting In todays business environment, company executives are often required to participate in a companys capital budgeting process as the sponsor, reviewer or approving authority of investment decisions. In any of these capacities, it is imperative that the executive understands many of the key aspects of capital budgeting such as analyzing income statements, balance sheets, cash flows, appropriately discounting cash flows and, most importantly, identifyingRead MoreCritical Investment Decision Making : Selecting The Best Option For Client X1586 Words   |  7 Pages Critical Investment Decision-Making By Ketan Kumar Selecting the best option for client X I. Abstract The main principal objective of this paper is to demonstrate the diversity and the changing capability of certain investment options. The goal is to show our client the best option out of the elected organizations through identifying the periodical performance of each one. Upon examination of each asset, it will become clear to which asset our client will be able to investRead MoreA Critical Component Of Capital Budgeting Is Risk Analysis1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe decision of a firm to merge or acquire another firm comes with a tremendous amount of due diligence. Due diligence in, not simply acquiring all of the available knowledge that it can regarding the company it seeks to acquire, but also understanding the financial health of themselves and their ability to acquire another firm and benefit from the potential synergies realized. Companies must also assess the risks involved of the potential acquisition, and if the numbers prove worthwhile, decideRead MoreThe Information Whic h Goes Into Financial Decision Making1231 Words   |  5 Pagesgoes into financial decision making can be divided into two parts: future estimates and historic facts. When deciding on whether or not to sign off the business case of the project, one of the main issues the project sponsor needs to think about are the financials. He needs to firstly find out if the project will make a profit, then secondly what the profit is, with financial timescales. When making an investment appraisal, there will always be other options for investment. Even if it’s justRead MoreBusiness Valuation of a Day Spa1647 Words   |  7 Pagesavailable: Equity Market 7 Cross Comparison: 8 References: 9 Abstract: The valuation techniques used to assess business performance are essential in order to take investment decisions. The case of Spa is no different than other business decisions. It is required to take appropriate technique for business valuation and competitor analysis. The business incorporates discounted cash flow, relative valuation, and contingent claim valuation techniques as standard practices for valuing business worth. TheRead MorePersonal Finance : The Management Of Funds Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pagesrelated to the application of finance principles, thereby helping an individual to make necessary monetary decisions. Individuals or families through this, obtain, budget, save, and spend resources (entirely monetary) taking into consideration the associated financial risks and time period. The personal finance apparatus includes savings accounts, credit cards and consumer loans, stock market investments, retirement plans, social security benefits, insurance policies, and inco me tax administration. SubRead MoreFinancing And The Development And Implementation Of Strategies1190 Words   |  5 Pagesand links strategic goals to performance and provide timely, useful information in order to facilitate strategic decisions. The article, The Role of Finance in the Strategic-Planning and Decision-Making Process, by Pedro M. Kono and Barry Barnes discusses how financial goals and metrics help firms implement strategy and track success by breaking down the strategic-planning and decision-making process and the role of finance. First, it is important to understand that the success of a strategy depends

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Shawshank Redemption Analysis - Kohlberg and Maslow...

Lawrence Kohlberg, a famous psychologist, developed a theory which entailed six stages of moral development. The aim of his theory is to allow individuals to be characterised into one of the stages, based upon their moral ethical well-being. Life experiences usually allow further development, thus moving the individual to advance to higher stages. On the other hand, Abraham Maslow developed a different theory based on human s most basic needs which is represented in a pyramid type figure containing five levels. The most basic of needs appear at the bottom of the pyramid and the needs concerned with mans highest potential at the top. Both of these theory s can be used to analyse Andy Dufresne, the main character in the movie studied in†¦show more content†¦He quoted to the officer, ... I think a man working outdoors feels more like a man if he can have a bottle of suds... The prison itself was a roof over Andy s head and the blankets and clothes he received were enough to pr ovide basic comfort. Maslow s first and second levels are easily met within the prison community. After the beer occurrence, Andy advanced to Maslow s third level of belongingness and inclusion. It is obvious that the inmates involved gain instant respect for Andy during this incident because as Red said, he sat there watching us drink his beer with a smile on his face, a smile of belongingness. Andy subsequently advances to Kohlberg s stage four. It is obvious that he is quite aware of the rules within the prison and the punishments, but still he continues with certain events. It seems like he gets enjoyment out of irritating the prison officers occasionally and uses his power against them, even though he is well aware of the punishments. This is evident when he played a record over the intercom of the prison. Even though he had the chance to give in to the officers and avoid punishment at all, he sat there with a cheeky grin on his face and turned up the music. At this time, he progressed to level four of Maslow s theory. His needs for respect and recognition are shown by a few of his fellow inmate when he returns from his time in the hole. On his bed was a

Is Sexism A Big Problem - 1655 Words

Imagine this. You re in the middle of a really intense, stressful, and energetic game where it s you against four other people. You are all alone and struggling to survive and as you re getting shot at all you hear is some ignorant teenage boy from the other team say â€Å"you won t win... get back into the kitchen and make me a sandwich.† Now I know you might be wondering where this is heading, but this is one of the few examples that women, when playing video games, have to deal with. What many do not realize, is how sexist many can be and how rude or hurtful the things they say can be. They also do not realize that many of these problems come from teenage boys who are not allowing any female to have a chance to show how good they could potentially be or how beneficial they could be to the team or game. Sexism is a big problem in the gaming community that needs to be changed. There have been many problems involving both men and women and it s all because of how sexist games can be or just based on how sexist people are behind their anonymous alias. On one side of the debate, many, including those who cause the sexism, say these things are said and done because they believe it will increase sales and it will get more attention to their company or game, they believe that these type of games are what gamers want or what they believe is best for their fans, and they believe that these sexist comments are just jokes and messing around. Although some could believe these thingsShow MoreRelatedShould The Death Penalty Be Mandatory?925 Words   |  4 Pagesearlier in the semester was: Sexism. This topic was one of my favorite, and I enjoyed discussing the most. I used to think that sexism wasn’t such a big deal anymore, and it wasn’t really happening in out every day life but now I think that sexism is going on more than ever right now. The reason being that I was convinced by Cudd and Jones argument in the article â€Å"Sexism† there is 3 levels of sexism still going on around us. One of the levels include Interpersonal sexism as â€Å"a person who is actingRead MoreWomen Of Hollywood Speak Out Is An Article By Maureen Dowd Of The New York Times1137 Words   |  5 Pagesrepresentation in Hollywood is one of the biggest issues in the film industry. Sexism, discrimination, and a lack of jobs for female filmmakers has been a problem in Hollywood since its early days, and recently this problem has been analyzed using many different genres. The Women of Hollywood Speak Out is an editorial written by Maureen Dowd of the New York Times. It is about difficulty for female filmmakers to break out and direct big budget films for Hollywood. Celluloid Ceilings: Women Directors SpeakRead MoreSexism And Racism : Racism And Prejudice Essay1348 Words   |  6 PagesSexism vs Racism Discrimination and prejudice have both been a major problem in our society since the idea of gender and race contacted our brains. Everyone hopes that humankind will change and treat everyone equally and fairly, but this still has yet to happen. Mankind is still treating people as minorities without a second thought. Women are still stereotyped as being too feminine for a â€Å"man’s job†, such as construction or military forces. As well as, men being considered to manly to be ableRead MoreRacism, Sexism and Socioeconomic Prejudice in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird828 Words   |  4 Pagesborn prejudiced but it is something learned by family, friends, peers and the media. There are many different types of prejudice. The three that are most current in the book To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee are racism, sexism and socioeconomic prejudice. Racism is a big problem in many people’s lives. Throughout history, many groups and cultures have been significantly affected by racism. African Americans are an example of a group of people who have suffered the effects of racism. In 1867 theRead MoreSexism in Sports Essay1257 Words   |  6 PagesSexism has played its part in many different work environments for quite some time. It especially raises big conversation, and an ongoing problem in the sports industry. Not only does it affect the women who work in the industry, but also homosexuals, and minorities. For so long sexism has been a topic of discussion, but no real attempts at change have been made. If there was more protection for woman and players who work in sports, it could help to get women more involved in the field, establishRead MoreGender Equality And Women s Equality1326 Words   |  6 Pagestender roles. The gender discrimination becomes more and more common in our life but this needs to stop. People shoul d respected each other with no matter what gender they are and gender equality is a more and more serious problem for people to redefined. There are lots of big difference between females and males body. Our gene decided our gender but it doesn’t mean people can treat them differently. Physiologically, men are stronger than women and they have more powerful muscle and women have tinierRead MoreThe Problem Of Single Sex School Essay963 Words   |  4 Pagesand Eve and made them live together this was an important lesson for the people, to learn how to live together in an equal and fair society. Nowadays, many people do not prefer this method. Also, there are many problems that can hinder them to lead a happy life. Many parents face a big problem to choose a school for their children because of the huge number of types of school. Those types can vary from private, governmental, single-sex, or coeducational schools. So, the parents have to select the betterRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Of Mice And Men 1530 Words   |  7 PagesIntro 100 words Sexism 200/300 words Ageism 150/200 words Disability 200 words Racism 200/300 words Frisendship/isolation 200 words Conclusions 100 words Introduction Steinbeck’s novel was written and set in the 1930s. In the novella, of Mice and Men, the autor gave his characters The American Dream but the obsacles always seem to get in the way. Steinbeck show us the theme, American Dream, as it is in real life and demonstrates the effect of isolation throughRead MoreSexism and discrimination812 Words   |  4 Pages Sexism and the Discrimination Within It Sexism has been a problem since the existence of man and woman. It brings on the controversial issue of men and women, and how they are not considered equal in society. There are many different perspectives on sexism and whether or not it still exists. Feminist writers such as Daly, Frye, and Millett all stress the way in which women have been subject to the power of men and how the female self is ‘invaded’ by patriarchal conditioning. Frye, in particularRead MoreDifferences Between Men And Women, And The Classism And Privileges Between White And Black People908 Words   |  4 Pagesthis program, Destiny started getting better grades in school and receiving fewer detentions. Black girls do tend to have more of an outspoken attitude but that does not mean they should be suspended from learning. This essay will be discussing the sexism between men and women, and the classism and privileges between white and black people. The lives of black girls do matter and more peo ple within our societies need to be aware and take a stance on how these girls are being treated on a daily basis

Heidrick Struggles International, Inc Free Essays

Strategic Recruitment is critical to the success of an organization in meeting its goals and mission because the organization needs people that can think out of the box and grasp concepts that are different from the normal. An organization is only as successful as it is able to keep up with change. By bring in strategic and aggressive people it allows the organization to bring in new and fresh ideas to motivate the current staff that maybe stale with confident from tenure. We will write a custom essay sample on Heidrick Struggles International, Inc or any similar topic only for you Order Now Summary of the Case Kelly, CEO, has been running Heidrick Struggles making sounds, low risk, and financial investments in order to get his company to the next level; he now looks to more high risk, but yet higher dividend investment into technology. The technology investments do not have a long track record of dividend which concerns the company of its financial stability. How can Kelly convent them, that he is making an aggressive decision in order to get his company to the next level? Issues The company probably has for years been buying stocks and bonds, and these investments are low risk and low pay out investments. Kelly no longer wants to maintain the organization, but he wants to grow the organization instead. Alternate Courses of Action There are likely better investments with a proven financial track record. I am sure that the organization trust Kelly’s judgment but simply wants more proven assurance that the decision being made are wise decision. Being able to track an investment returns over a longer time period can be proof enough of it financial worth. Recommendations My recommendations are to do more research on more technology funds in the technology field, look for companies with tenure within management and strong financial security. Even thought technology may be the current investment venture I would do more research to predict future market trends so that I could stay ahead of the curve. Conclusion Kelly wants to see his organization grow, but in the future make sure homework is done and brought to the table first for consideration. Kelly must be to do his homework and is able to actually believe in his research before he will be able to convent anyone else of his idea. How to cite Heidrick Struggles International, Inc, Essay examples

Statutory Interpretation Law

Question: Discuss about the Statutory Interpretation Law. Answer: Introduction: There are several different complicated stages involved in the legal system, and it also has different areas of jurisdiction as well as a enormous group of rules and regulations that need to be followed. In this context it is very significant for a legal system to safeguard that there is fairness for all who are related with the legal system, whether plaintiffs, defendants or other parties (Zines, 2008). Mainly, there are two ways in which it can be made sure that the legal system has the required fairness. First of all, there are the general presumptions and procedures that are introduced for the purpose of making sure that a fair trial or court hearing takes place. The other remained in this regard is the system of law that has been introduced with a view to make sure fairness in society. This is called the Law of Equity. Equity had a significant impact on different sources of law in Australia, both primary and secondary (Ratnapala, 2007). According to a basic principle, just as not only be done but it should also seen to be done. This is necessary for the purpose of regaining the trust of the society in the legal system. Unless the victims, witnesses and the society unaware of the efforts that have been made to bring to justice, the persons who are responsible for crimes and other wrongdoings, there is an apprehension that justice will become an abstract concept. It is very significant that in the eyes of the public, accountability is introduced in the legal system by the law. For example, there are certain key elements of justice that are present in the legal system of Australia. These include the presumption of innocence, unbiased judges, and the provisions relating to the protection of the witnesses in cases where it is required (Howard, 1985). The intention behind the presumption of innocence is that it should apply across all countries and cultures, as a basic human right. A system of laws is required by the modern society to function properly. For the last many centuries, jurists and legal philosophers have tried to define the term law and these definitions have been significantly impacted by the social, political, moral and religious opinions of the contemporary culture. In the same way, the legal system in Australia has also been influenced by the economic, political, moral and religious considerations including equity that had an impact on the English legal system. In Australia, the political and legal systems function at a two-tiered base at the federal and the state level. For example, the English heritage of Australia has provided the Westminster system legacy of government and the judicial system that is based on the common law or in other words the judge made law (Carvan, 2002). The result is that two main sources of law in Australia are the statute law and the common law. The political and judicial systems in Australia operate in the federal model, set up in 1901. As the government and the judicial decision-making takes place at the federal as well as the state levels, sometimes it results in a confusion among the students or observers of the legal system of Australia regarding how these federal systems can operate cooperatively. However, historically the federal system in Australia has worked fairly well but sometimes; tension has also surfaced between the governments, particularly in areas like health, education, environment and the regulation of financial markets and corporations (Barnes, 1994). As mentioned above, there are two major sources of law in Australia. The statute law is a form of law that has been impacted by the nine Parliaments (Commonwealth, six states and the two territories). Some examples of the statute law include the Commonwealth legislation like the Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 (Cth) and the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth). The example of state legislation can be the Crimes Act, 1958 (Vic) Goods Act, 1958 (Vic). In the legal system of Australia, some of the lawmaking powers can be delegated by the parliament to subordinate or delegated bodies like the local councils, university councils or other statutory authorities that have been set up on the relevant legislation. When rules, regulations, ordinances etc. are created by these bodies in accordance with the relevant acts, this is known as subordinate legislation or delegated legislation (Lane, 1997). An example in this regard can be given the situation according to which the rules made by the Australi an Competition and Consumer Commission and the ASIC enjoy similar force of law as is the case with the statutes. The other source of law is the common law which comprises un-enacted laws that are produced by the decisions of the courts even at the federal, state and territory level, including the decisions given by the High Court of Australia, the verdicts given by the Supreme Courts of States and Territories and the pronouncements given by the federal/family courts (Ellinghaus, Bradbrook and Duggan (eds.), 1989). In case of most of the liberal democratic systems, the Parliament is considered as being lawmaking authority. As the laws that have been made by the Parliament have to undergo parliamentary scrutiny, they are considered as the authoritative sources of law. This form of law is present in several Acts of the Parliament that can be found in Commonwealth and State laws. While traditionally, the contract law as remain the province of the states but with the enactment of Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 (Cth) which substituted the earlier Trade Practices Act, 1974 (Cth), the Commonwealth is also marked an entry into the field of trade and commerce. This legislation has been conscripted in order to fall within the purview of the lawmaking powers of the Commonwealth Parliament that have been prescribed in section 51 of the Commonwealth Constitution. In this way, the Act may regulate the activities of the corporations as defined in section 51(xx). This provision also extends to the commerci al and business deeds of the persons who were involved in interstate/overseas trades or are involved in trade with the Northern Territory or the Australian Capital Territory. The major task of the Parliament is to make the laws. In Australia, there are nine Parliaments (Commonwealth, state and territory) that are involved in lawmaking. Generally, each of these Parliaments have three elements. These are lower house (House of Representatives in case of the federal Parliament. Legislative Assembly (States and territories); Upper house (the Senate in case of the federal parliament and legislative Council at state and territory level) and the Queen or her representative (the Governor General (federal level) and the Governor (State level/Administrator in case of Territories). The courts are also significant source of law but the impact of this source has been reducing as increasingly more statutes have been passed at the Commonwealth and the state level. However, the courts are frequently required to decide differences where unclear language is used in a particular statute is not clear and needs explaining. All these statutes are written by using a general language that requires specific context. However in some cases, the language used in the statute could be unclear or ambiguous and therefore may have several meanings. In such a case, the statutory interpretation of the particular provision by the courts decides the meaning of the specific clause or the provision. While integrating these statutes, the courts have to keep in mind the provisions of the Acts Interpretation Acts at the federal, state and territory levels. The legislations define several common terms and they also provide that the courts to keep in mind the fundamental purpose of the law. In this regard, however the courts are also allowed to consider extrinsic materials like explanatory memoranda where a doubt is present regarding the meaning that can be attributed to the language used in the statute (Blackshield and Williams, 2006). As mentioned above, a key source of law in Australia is legislation, both at the federal and the state of the territory levels. In view of the bulk of legislation and the pressure that is present on the time of the Parliament, it is not desirable or possible that the parliaments should make decisions related with the details of this legislation. It is particularly the case when the subject matter of a particular legislation is quite technical or it is likely to change frequently. Therefore in this type of cases, power has been provided to the Parliament to 'delegate' or to give away the task of making comprehensive regulations to a subsidiary body (Lane, 1979). Generally this subordinate body is the Governor General or the Governor, a minister of the concerned department who has the responsibility of implementing the legislation or local counsel or any other statutory body. Until then, these bodies may rely on the skill of the experts while creating the regulations that are made acco rding to the Act of the Parliament or in other words the 'enabling' statute. Due to the reason that the subordinate or delegated legislation is made under the authority of the enabling Act, it is required that the rules should be made according to the manner that has been stated by the enabling Act and should fulfill all the formalities (Kercher, 1995). There are numerous mechanisms to ensure that the delegated legislation has been made properly, according to the authority that has been conferred by the Parliament. Delegated legislation can also be reviewed by the courts and they may arrive at the conclusion that the legislation is invalid due to the following reasons. Ultra vires: this happens when the court considers that the delegated legislation extends the power of the authority provided by the enabling Act. In order to establish Ultra vires, it is required be shown that the subordinate legislation is not consistent with the statute law or the common law. The reason is that unless special provisions have been made for delegated legislation to prevail, ge nerally it does not overrule the common law or statute law (Parkinson, 2001). If a court has declared a regulation as ultra vires, the legislation becomes invalid and no longer contains the force of law. Another reason is the lack of formalities. This happens when although the legislation was inside the powers of the subordinate body, however certain formalities have not been fulfilled. The court may declare the legislation to be invalid where, e.g., failure has taken place to follow the compulsory procedure or an attempt has been made to sub-delegate the authority to third-party. The common law is also a source of law which is mainly derived from the verdicts of the judges. As a result, the source of law is also known as the judge made law. Another source of law is the doctrine of precedent. In this context, precedent means the ruling delivered by a court establishing a point of law. The basis of the doctrine of precedent is a notion according to which like cases should be decided alike. The rationale behind this doctrine is to provide certainty and predictability in the laws which allow the persons to plan their trade matters with reasonable certainty that what is being done by them is legal. References Barnes, J.W., 1994, "Statutory Interpretation, Law Reform and Sampford's Theory of the Disorder of Law" Part One, 22 Federal Law Review 116 Blackshield A. and Williams, G., 2006, Australian constitutional law and theory: commentary and materials, 4th ed.,Sydney: Federation Press Carvan, J. 2002, Understanding the Australian Legal System Lawbook Co.: Sydney. Ellinghaus, M., Bradbrook A. and Duggan A. (eds.), 1989, The Emergence of Australian Law Butterworths: Sydney, p 70 Howard, C., 1985, Australian federal constitutional law, 3rd ed., Sydney: Lawbook Kercher,R., 1995, An Unruly Child: A History of Law in Australia Allen Unwin at 7, 52 Lane, P. 1979, Australian federal system, 2nd ed, Sydney: Lawbook Lane, P. 1997, Lane's commentary on the Australian constitution, 2nd ed., Sydney: Lawbook Parkinson, P., 2001, Tradition and Change in Australian Law, Sydney: LBC Information Services Ratnapala, S., 2007, Australian constitutional law, foundations and theory, 2nd ed, Melbourne: OUP Zines, L., 2008, The High Court and the Constitution, 5th ed., Sydney: Federation Press

Lab Report Respiration free essay sample

After exercise, people will be able to squeeze the clothespin faster than those without prior exercise. Materials: For this experiment a timer and a clothespin were used. Methods: To begin this experiment an individual was asked to squeeze a clothespin as many times as possible within one minute and the results were recorded. Then this same individual was asked to exercise (run in place, preferably) vigorously for 45 seconds. After this period of exercise the same individual squeezed the clothespin as many times as possible within one minute and the results were recorded. At least 10 minutes later, a second trial was completed using the same exact steps, also recording data. These steps were done with 4 subjects separately. In this experiment the independent variable was the prior exercise and the dependent variable was the amount of times the clothespin was squeezed. The constants in this experiment included the amount of exercise, the time allotted to each individual to squeeze the clothespin and similar clothespins. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Respiration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Results: Graph 1 This graph shows the differences in averages of the number of times the clothespin was squeezed with and without prior exercise. Table 1 This table shows the data collected from each individual person. The data includes two trials of squeezing the clothespin in a minute without prior exercise and two trials of squeezing the clothespin with prior exercise. The data shows that, on average, the individuals were able to squeeze the clothespin more exercise with prior exercise. Discussion: The data directly supports the hypothesis. With a small margin of error it is fair to state that, in fact, prior exercise increases the number of times individuals can squeeze a clothespin, on average. Both the averages and the sub-averages of squeezing the clothespin with prior exercise were greater than those without prior exercise. This is a valid conclusion because when individuals exercise their blood pumps more. This causes a larger circulation of oxygen and nutrients. Thus, with more nutrients and oxygen circulating through the working body cells of the finger, it will take less time for the body cells in the finger to tire out, as they may have done without prior exercise. Suggestions for improvement: Despite being a superficially simple experiment, there were many potential sources of error present in conducting the experiment. The largest and most prevalent source of error was the counting of how many times the clothespin was squeezed in a minute. Even with the help of other group members, it was very difficult to count the number of times the clothespin was squeezed especially because it was averaging around 250 squeezes in a minute. Also as the clothespin was used more and more, it became worn down and perhaps became easier to squeeze, thus resulting in more squeezes after exercise. Some other confounding variables included the amount of exercise. If one of the individuals exercised with more determination or even with more force, it would be more likely to get their heart rate higher. Also some individuals may have eaten more energy efficient food and had gained more energy than other individuals. Another significant variable was the kind of exercise. If the type of exercise involved any of the muscles used in squeezing the clothespin, then it would be extremely detrimental to the results of the experiment. The goal of the exercise is not to tire out the muscles but rather to get the heart rate up. In a controlled laboratory there are several ways to prevent these errors and confounding variables. In order to count the clothespin squeezes accurately, one may attach a high tech counting device. This would greatly improve results. Also if there were a controlled exercise that involved none of the muscles used in the experiment it would eliminate several errors and confounding variables. Also to decrease error overall, increasing sample size would have a substantial effect. Suggestions for further research: During this experiment several questions were left unanswered and provided suggestions for further research. One of these questions was if increased squeezing of the clothespin was correlated with an increase in heart rate in general. To test this one would have to test different ways of getting someone’s heart rate up such as exercise, scaring, and making them nervous, then make sure that the heart rates are the same, and finally test if the increased heart rate overall allows that individual to squeeze the clothespin more, or if it is just after exercise. Another question that was left unanswered was whether a repetition of squeezing the clothespin over a series of months causes the individual to squeeze the clothespin more. To test this one would have to have a large amount of people squeeze clothespins for an allotted time every day for a month, or so. Then the tester would collect all the data and see whether there was an increase in the number of times the individuals were able to squeeze the clothespin within the allotted time.