Managing service delivery in health and social care

Managing service delivery in health and social care Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of receiving people together to accomplish preferred goals and objectives using obtainable resources efficiently and effectively. Management includes planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing and controlling an organization or struggle for the purpose of achieving a goal. Basic functions of management: Management activates through numerous roles, often categorized as planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. Planning is determining what wants to happen in the future and creating plans for action. Organizing means making finest use of the resources required to enable the fruitful carrying out of plans. Staffing can define as job examining, recruitment, and hiring individuals for suitable jobs. Leading is determining what needs to be done in a condition and getting people to do it. Controlling means testing progress against plans. Motivation is also a kind of basic function of management, because without motivation, employees cannot work effectively. If motivation doesnt take place in an organization then employees may not pay to the other functions. Introduction to healthcare management: Managing in healthcare is the field connecting to leadership, management and administration of hospitals, hospital networks and healthcare system. Healthcare managers are considered healthcare professionals. Healthcare is a very significant subject. Nowadays the field of healthcare is changing at a very quick pace. Healthcare is not only becoming more luxurious, but is undergoing abrupt changes due to the introduction of new medical technologies on a daily basis. As more and more people are now becoming conscious of the healthcare argument that is going on in the country, it is becoming progressively important that the general public recognize the changes that healthcare is going through, and how managing healthcare is the only way to make sure that people are well taken care of. Background of healthcare managing service delivery: In the United States, the first current health systems management program was established in 1934 at the University of Chicago. At the time, programs were finished in two years- one year of official graduate study and one year of residency. In 1958, the Sloan program at Cornell University began donation a program demanding two years of formal study, which remains the leading structure in the United States and Canada today. In 1978, as part of an exertion to establish healthcare management as an autonomous occupation, the first modern practitioner- teacher model graduate program was established at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. Health systems management has been defined as a hidden health occupation because of the comparatively low profile role manager take in health systems, in compassion to direct-care professions such as nursing and medicine. However the discernibility of the management occupation within healthcare has been increasing in current years, due largely to the common problems developed countries are having in balancing cost, across and quality in their hospitals and health systems. Education and training for healthcare management: A masters degree is considered the standard credential for most health managers in the United States. There are numerous known degree types that are considered same from the perspective of specialized preparation. The commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education (CAHME) is the recognizing body overseeing masters level programs in the United States and Canada on behalf of the United States Department of Education. If recognizes several degree program categories, including Master of Health Services Administration (MHSA), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Health Administration (MHA), Master of Public Health (MPH, MSPH, MSHPM), Master of Science (MS-HSM, MS-HA) and Master of Public Administration (MPA). Professional Organizations related to healthcare management: There are many professional associations connected to health systems management, which can be subcategorized as either personal or institutional membership groups. Personal membership groups are joined by individuals, and typically have individual talent and career development as their focus. Greater personal membership groups contain the American College of Healthcare Executives, the Healthcare Financial Management Association, and the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. Official membership groups are joined by organizations; they characteristically focus on organizational effectiveness, and may also comprise data-sharing agreements and additional best- practice sharing vehicles for member organizations. Prominent examples contain the American Hospital Association and the University Health systems consortium. Roles of Managing healthcare: There are numerous roles in managing healthcare. Some of them are pay attention to Medical Shoppers, turn workers into problem solvers, speak up beneficially (Managerial practices that elicit results from front-line employees, maintain the mental health, widening focus, pay attention for side effects, healthcare examination and prospects and using of internet ,etc. Workers must use the system to speak up when they meet a problem. Managers obtain extra value when reporters speak up constructively by proposing suggestions that facilitate process development. Managers can encourage employees to speak up about difficulties and they can encourage them to offer solutions. When managers had been more practical in responding to occasion reports, there was a better probability that staff would share their suggestions and actions taken to resolve the underlying problems, which is very valuable data for managers because they are not likely to be able to get this information elsewhere. How can front-line workers be encouraged to speak up when they know how to enlarge an organizations operation processes? This question is mostly urgent in healthcare industry, where difficulties happen often and consequences range from insignificant inconveniences to serious patient damage. This is more effective in departments whose managers are less involved in problem solving. Efforts at the organizational level can compensate for managers who cannot or do not produce an environment that stimulates front-line workers to speak up. Over and above the human cost triggered by deaths and suffering during a time of struggle, stairs of conflict are often left in poor financial circumstances and mental-health suffering even after the conflict finishes. While considerable attention has been paid to post-war rules with regard to recovery in physical and human capital, mental health has received comparatively less attention. Mental health is insignificant dimension of human capital. Mental health suffering, while a trouble of concern in and of itself, might also have adverse consequences for individuals labor force participation and labor output in the post-conflict period, thereby delaying financial recovery after the conflict ends. Understanding the efforts of focus and spillovers might help hospitals determine how they should balance focusing in a single medical area with building expertise in connected areas. Hospitals dedicating a bigger portion of their business to giving patients in related service groups (i.e. those with the potential for knowledge spillovers) skill higher returns to specialization in a focal facility. Ultimately, those results offer a potential description for why there might be declining returns to focusing an organization on a single operating activity (or narrow set of activities), mainly when it is possible to participate in other activities that accompaniment the organizations area of concentration. Managers can study from an understanding of how doctors think. There might be more significant implications for managers in the methods that doctors are trained. Many resemblances can note between the thinking of medical and management practitioners and the environment in which it is carried out. Doctors hurry when the disease is serious, managers when met with little time and pressure to get things done; managers fail to think well and so make poor conclusions. Doctors are trained troubleshooters. It takes many years to study to operate using such a scientific method in answering problems. Managers focus on making resolutions with slight information, not through a rigorous review of the facts. Though the Internet has woven itself into most aspects of life, limited fields have modified if more vigorously, and at times controversially, than healthcare. Managers can use internet facilities to give a better management. Healthcare and the internet are suited for each other, because no one needs to pay for either. The healthcare field is emerging as one of the busiest laboratories for exciting now business models and the risks are high indeed. While supplying patient care has always been a primary aim of healthcare organizations, financial results have long been the metric by which success is measured. Progressively, however, healthcare leaders are being held accountable for both medical and economic outcomes. As a result, it is crucial that healthcare executives and suppliers gain an understanding of the determinants of organizational effectiveness- strategy, finance, operations and leadership. Management theories in social care: Management theory is a widespread term which is used lightly to refer to research discoveries, frameworks, propositions, beliefs, views, saws and suggestions, all of which seek to describe how managers should manage. There are a number of theories about managing service delivery in social care. Some of them are Bureaucracy theory, scientific management theory, Administrative theory, Human relations theory, Neo-human relations theory and Guru Theory, etc. Max Webers theory of bureaucracy was established in a historical- philosophical context. His interests were in the process of social modification, and in particular, in the effect of rationality on religious thought and capitalism. By rationality he meant the kind of action or mode of organizing in which goals are clearly conceived and all conduct, except that designated to reach the specific goal, is rejected. The application of his idea of rationality to the organizational context is what secured this social scientists pre- eminent location in modern management thought. The term that Weber applied to the organizational form built upon pure legal- rational authority was bureaucracy. The Weber and model of bureaucracy gives a steady and predictable world which supplies the blueprint for rational designed structures in which rational individuals carry out their roles and actions. For Weber, the bureaucratic form of organization possessed the features of specialization, hierarchy, rule s, impersonality, full- time officials, career focus and a split between public and private activity. Developed at the starting of the twentieth century, Frederick Winslow Taylors theory of scientific management focused upon shop floor organization, and upon the methods that could be used to exploit the productivity of manual workers. Scientific management principals such as a perfect division of task and responsibilities between management and workers, scientific choice and training of workers, development of the one- best- way of working, and the application of financial incentives, all remain to be used to this day. The primary focus of administrative theory was on the determination of which types of specialization and hierarchy would enhance the efficiency of organizations. The theory is constructed around the four central pillars- the division of labor, the scalar and useful processes organizational structure, and the span- of- control. The role of managing service delivery in social care: Managers in social work want to have several talents. Some of them are good vision which is informed by connecting service users and other partners, ability to lead and support staff to work with service users and their careers to influence service development and outcomes, take responsibility and be accountable for good training, ability to influence a wide range of stakeholders to promote a social model of care and its values and they should be able to deal with the conflicts, pressures, and gate- keeping roles in managing social work services, taking account of individual and community heeds. Frameworks for delivery in social care: A framework for leadership and management progress wants to be broad in its scope given the breadth of change that is already taking place across social work services and the demands this creates for effective leadership and management. The framework should therefore address the following areas, professional and practice management, political management, strategic management, operational management, academic management and citizen management. Implementation of management in social care: Evaluation of the outline for leadership and management development as it is implemented is also recommended to ensure that it reaches the goals identified, meets the identified needs and that it continues to be relevant. Evaluation will be dangerous to understanding what is successful and where blockages happen. This will assist in identifying what additional action is wanted to ensure empowering and enabling leadership and effective management is in place to deliver improved results for users and careers. Challenges of managing service delivery in social care: A major challenge for leadership and management across social work services is one of change management. To deliver the vision set out in the 21st century social work review needs transforming how we think about services, how we deliver those services and a shared view of what the changes we are seeking to make should deliver. Beginning the right culture and climate for change to implement the review successfully is critical to its achievement. Conclusion: With a better managing service delivery we can develop health and social care more successfully.

Profit Maximization and Baumol Model

Managerial Economics August 15, 2007 The key points underpinning the economics of a profit maximizing firm Neoclassical model of the firm states that organization will have the main objective of maximizing its profit within a given period of time. Maximum profit was achieved at the output at which marginal cost is equal marginal revenue. There are several factors which need to be considered when talking about the profit maximizing firm: 1. The assumption of the profit maximizing firm is that there is no segregation between managers and owners of the firm. Owners economically depended on their firms and therefore tried to make the biggest profit from their businesses. The effectiveness of their firm was measured by the profit declared. In the real world the ownership of the firm (especially for the larger firms) is different from the management. Managers become responsible for all day-to-day operations as well as finance objectives. Those can be different for management and for the owners. Managers tend to satisfy their own well being rather then acting on the best interests of the owners. Shareholders would like to see the increasing value of the stock from year to year. The separation of ownership from control lead to less power of shareholders over the manager’s behavior as well as less awareness of how efficient the decisions are made. 2. Profit maximizing firm assumes the horizontal marginal revenue curve and U shape marginal cost curve. This means that the market conditions are always ideal, not very competitive and the revenue cost declines as a result of discounts made to encourage the customers to purchase the products. In reality it is difficult to accurately measure the cost and revenue within organization and therefore difficult to determine the optimal, profit maximizing level. There are a lot of constraints and conditions which need to be evaluated at any given period of time to determine the cost and revenue curves. Rapidly changing conditions will make it difficult and sometimes impossible to make the accurate measurements. 3. Another assumption is that the organization short-term objectives are the same as its long term objectives leading to profit maximization. In reality, as in long term objective may be to maximize the firm stock value and increase the shareholders profit, the short term objective may be to keep investing in a firm to establish a better position for the future. Other constraints like social responsibility of the firm, imperfect or changing market conditions, demand versus supply curves etc. will affect the objectives of the firm. 4. One of the assumptions of the neoclassical model is that the organizations have a perfect knowledge of the operating conditions. It is recognized in the modern firm that they operate under the uncertainty level, which, however can be reduced by increasing the knowledge for market, competition and environment. With these factors the conclusion is that the profit maximization cannot be the sole objective of a firm. The factors need to be taken into consideration to determine the optimum firm strategy and firm objectives. Critical evaluation of Baumol management model. Baumol model is a sales revenue maximization model. Baumol model is the alternative to the profit maximization model. The main idea of Baumol model is that the objective of a firm is the sales revenue-maximization rather then profit maximization. The most important points supporting Baumol model are: – The is recognition of separation between firm ownership and management. Managers have discretion to pursue personal goals to maximize their own utility. Therefore a minimum profit constraint on management is set up by shareholders to address shareholders concerns and interests. – Manager’s more focuses on their own tangible benefits rather then on profit maximization for the company. Salary increases are likely related to the level of sales rather then organization level of profit. – Investors interest in the level of sales and trend of sales rather then level of profit. Growing sales tend to give better picture of company potential and therefore attract refinancing. – Rising level of sales recognizes organization’s success and therefore leads to good human relations within the organization. – Direct relation between market share and the level of sales means that the organization is raising its position on the market if its sales level increases. In other words the market share of the firm goes up. In Baumol model there is an assumption is that the organization using the Baumol model is operating in an oligopolistic market with no true competition. Baumol thinks that it will take longer for the large organizations, which most likely to be competitors, to arrive to the decision making and decision implementation point due to the competition within the oligopolistic market. However it is also said that within the market there is collision between organizations just to maintain an agreed position where everyone can have their share of the market. This is certainly an assumption which cannot be applied to every kind of markets. There are two models of sales revenue-maximization which both work under above assumption: the static model and the dynamic model. Static model is a single period model for organization assuming that no competition with other companies exist. In static model a minimum profit constraint is imposed by shareholders regardless of the sales and other conditions of the organization to protect their interests. The excess of maximum profit level over the minimum profit level constraint is the measure of managerial discretion. There is also an assumption of the U-shaped cost and ? -shape for revenue curves. By looking at the Baumol’s static sales revenue-maximization model chart we can see that the quantity produced by the sales revenue maximizer will be the quantity which satisfies the minimum profit constraint and yet allows the greatest level of sales (quantity) to be achieved. The sales revenue maximizer will earn a lower profit, but produce a greater quantity then the profit maximizer. Therefore the sales revenue maximizer will better capture the market share then the profit maimiser. However in the static model Baumol does not analyze the relationship between price, advertising, total cost and quantity of the produced output. When talking about advertising cost Baumol suggests that the advertising expenditures are constantly grow as a straight line and that the sales revenue increases as increases the advertisement cost. In the real world advertisements are made from time to time depending on the organization’s marketing studies. Sales revenue also depends on many factors like market conditions, managerial talent and knowledge, firm pricing strategy, quantity produced, total operating cost etc. In Baumol model we see no attempts to take these factors into consideration. In its dynamic model where the idea is that over the lifetime organization will continue to gain the sales revenue and reinvest the profit into the future organization growth. At a certain point of growth, however, the growth potential will decrease and the level of sales will go down. Even though Baumol raised a point of uncertainty, he failed to place the time within his model and therefore limited the options of explaining the firm behavior. Baumol model shows that the sales revenue maximizer will produce more output then the profit maximizer. The profit level is also more stable in the Baumol model then in traditional profit-maximizing model. The sales maximizing firm will also have a lower price then the profit maximizing firm. Low cost airline example. Let’s take an example of the low-cost airline to outline the points of Baumol model. At a glance it may seem that a logical step to maximize the airline profit in order to reinvest more money into the new flights and expand the company. But it may not be profitable for an airline in a long run as the customers may loose the loyalty to an â€Å"always low price† airline because of their quality of service or inconveniencies caused during travel. Actions like flying from the lower cost airports away from the major hubs; reducing the number of flight attendants per flight; introducing a cheaper meals or no meals at all, offering meals at a separate price; cut on entertainments on board; overbooking of the flights to make sure the flight is always full; buy cheaper older aircrafts, improve maintenance procedures to reduce the cost would lead to short term profit maximization. On a long run the airline may start loosing customers due to the poor services and inconvenience caused. For example, flying from a low cost airport may result in additional cost for the passengers trying to reach that airport or having a connecting flights from other airports. Significant number of luggage lost would also lead to loosing the customers. Overbooking the flights may cause many passengers not being able to fly at the desired time and therefore loose the loyalty for the airline. Cutting cost on airline maintenance may jeopardize safety procedures and result in catastrophe. American Airlines Flight 191, a McDonnell-Douglas DC-10 aircraft crashed on May 25,1979 after taking off from Chicago airport. Investigation showed that it was a result of an improved maintenance procedure imposed by American Airline and saving then over $200 000 a year. For a low cost airline it is vital to fulfill the flight capacity and sell as much tickets as possible because the flights the cost of flying would remain the same whether the plain is flying full or not. This means that the main objective of the low-cost airline is to maximize their level of tickets sold. The actions like: – reducing inefficiency across the board of the airline, putting innovative and creative business concepts, promoting the teamwork, empowering the employees to encourage their personal involvement in day-to-day customer service improvement – monitoring the airline market, dynamically determined ticket price per seat, studying customers needs – introducing new routs to popular destinations, organizing convenient connecting flights – have faster connectivity time, faster turnarounds point-to-point flights rather then flying through major hubs, using less congested airports – internet booking, e-tickets – no pre-assigned seat numbers etc. maybe more appropriate for helping to have a low cost operation yet with the high quality standards. The price of the ticket should be determined dynamically (hopefully by specialized software) based on customers demand and supply on a particular route at a particular time. Ideally the ticket price should be the highest with maximum filling of flight capacity. For example, early booking price may be lower and raised towards filling the flight capacity. Therefore sales maximizing model fits better for the low cost airlines and gives them more chances to succeed in the market. References: Mark Cook, Corri Farguharson (1998) â€Å"Business Economics†, Pearson Education Limited Patrick McNutt (2007) â€Å"Study Guide Unit 1. Management Objectives and Stakeholder Value†, Business & Management Education Limited, UK

What the Experts Are Not Saying About Essay Topics Apply Texas and How This impacts You

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Quotations on Style in Writing

A pointed instrument used for writing. According to our glossary entry for  style, thats what the word meant in Latin 2,000 years ago. Nowadays, definitions of style point not to the instrument used by the writer but to characteristics of the writing itself: The way in which something is said, done, expressed, or performed: a style of speech and writing. Narrowly interpreted as those figures that ornament discourse; broadly, as representing a manifestation of the person speaking or writing. All figures of speech fall within the domain of style. But what does it mean to write with style? Is style a feature that writers can add or remove as they please? Is it, perhaps, a gift that only some writers are blessed with? Can a style ever be good or bad, correct or incorrect--or is it more a matter of taste? Put another way, is style merely a kind of decorative sprinkle, or is it instead an essential ingredient of writing? Here, under six broad headings, are some of the diverse ways in which professional writers have responded to these questions. We open with remarks from Henry David Thoreau, an artful stylist who expressed indifference toward style and conclude with two quotations from novelist Vladimir Nabokov, who insisted that style is all that matters. Style is Practical Who cares what a man’s style is, so it is intelligible, as intelligible as his thought. Literally and really, the style is no more than the stylus, the pen he writes with, and it is not worth scraping and polishing, and gilding, unless it will write his thoughts the better for it. It is something for use, and not to look at.(Henry David Thoreau)People think that I can teach them style. What stuff it all is! Have something to say, and say it as clearly as you can. That is the only secret of style.(Matthew Arnold) Style Is the Dress of Thoughts Style is the dress of thoughts; and let them be ever so just, if your style is homely, coarse, and vulgar, they will appear to as much disadvantage.(Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield)A mans style should be like his dress. It should be as unobtrusive and should attract as little attention as possible.(C. E. M. Joad) Style Is Who and What We Are The style is the man himself.(George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon)The old saying of Buffon’s that style is the man himself is as near the truth as we can get--but then most men mistake grammar for style, as they mistake correct spelling for words or schooling for education.(Samuel Butler)When we see a natural style, we are astonished and delighted; for we expected to see an author, and we find a man.(Blaise Pascal)Style is the hallmark of a temperament stamped upon the material at hand.(Andre Maurois)The essence of a sound style is that it cannot be reduced to rules--that it is a living and breathing thing with something of the devilish in it--that it fits its proprietor tightly yet ever so loosely, as his skin fits him. It is, in fact, quite as seriously an integral part of him as that skin is. . . . In brief, a style is always the outward and visible symbol of a man, and cannot be anything else.(H.L. Mencken)You do not create a style. You work, and develop yourself; your style is an emanation from your own being.(Katherine Anne Porter) Style Is Point of View Style is the perfection of a point of view.(Richard Eberhart)Where there is no style, there is in effect no point of view. There is, essentially, no anger, no conviction, no self. Style is opinion, hung washing, the caliber of a bullet, teething beads.(Alexander Theroux)Style is that which indicates how the writer takes himself and what he is saying. It is the mind skating circles around itself as it moves forward.(Robert Frost) Style Is Craftsmanship Whats important is the way we say it. Art is all about craftsmanship. Others can interpret craftsmanship as style if they wish. Style is what unites memory or recollection, ideology, sentiment, nostalgia, presentiment, to the way we express all that. Its not what we say but how we say it that matters.(Federico Fellini)Proper words in proper places, make the true definition of style.(Jonathan Swift)The web, then, or the pattern, a web at once sensuous and logical, an elegant and pregnant texture: that is style.(Robert Louis Stevenson)The most durable thing in writing is style, and style is the most valuable investment a writer can make with his time. It pays off slowly, your agent will sneer at it, your publisher will misunderstand it, and it will take people you have never heard of to convince them by slow degrees that the writer who puts his individual mark on the way he writes will always pay off.(Raymond Chandler)The style of an author should be the image of his mind, but the choi ce and command of language is the fruit of exercise.(Edward Gibbon)One arrives at style only with atrocious effort, with fanatical and devoted stubbornness.(Gustave Flaubert) Style Is Substance To me, style is just the outside of content, and content the inside of style, like the outside and the inside of the human body. Both go together, they cant be separated.(Jean-Luc Godard)Thought and speech are inseparable from each other. Matter and expression are parts of one; style is a thinking out into language.(Cardinal John Henry Newman)Every style is excellent if it is proper; and that style is most proper which can best convey the intentions of the author to his reader. And, after all, it is Style alone by which posterity will judge of a great work, for an author can have nothing truly his own but his style; facts, scientific discoveries, and every kind of information, may be seized by all, but an authors diction cannot be taken from him.(Isaac DIsraeli)Style, in its finest sense, is the last acquirement of the educated mind; it is also the most useful. It pervades the whole being.(Alfred North Whitehead)Style is not something applied. It is something that permeates. It is of the nature of that in which it is found, whether the poem, the manner of a god, the bearing of a man. It is not a dress.(Wallace Stevens)Style and structure are the essence of a book; great ideas are hogwash. . . .All my stories are webs of style and none seems at first blush to contain much kinetic matter. . . . For me style is matter.(Vladimir Nabokov)

Essay about Cults and Sects and Their Influence in...

Cults and Sects and Their Influence in Contemporary Society A sect is a small religious group that has branched off a larger established religion. Sects have many beliefs and practices in common with the religion they have broken off from, but are differentiated by a number of theological differences. Sociologists use the word sect to refer to a religious group with a high degree of tension with the surrounding society, but whose beliefs are largely traditional. A cult, by contrast, also has a high degree of tension with the surrounding society, but its beliefs are new and innovative. Sects, in the sociological sense, are generally traditionalist and conservative, seeking to return a religion to†¦show more content†¦This description led Leo Ryan to visit Jonestown (Home of the movement) in 1978. The visit itself went well, up until the point Ryan went to leave with members of the movement who had decided they wanted to leave with him. Ryan and four others were killed by gunfire at the Port Kiatuma airport by the Temples security guar ds. Fearing retribution, a consensus was later reached by the project members to commit mass suicide. 914 people died; 638 adults and 276 children. Most appeared to have died after drinking a drink which contained cyanide - others however appeared to have been murdered by lethal injection. The coroner said that hundreds of bodies showed needle marks, indicating foul play. Other signs of foul play include bodies found dead due to gunshot wounds. The Peoples Temple and similar incidents (EG; Heavens Gate headed by Marshall Applewhite and Bonnie Nettles in the 1970s) generate a lot of public support for Anti-Cult and Counter-Cult Movements. The Anti-Cult Movement (ACM) consists of individuals and groups who attempt to raise public consciousness about what they feel are extreme danger. As they see it, the threat comes from small, coercive, manipulative groups -- mostly new religious movements. Although they have been largely discredited inShow MoreRelatedReligious Fundamentalism: The Muslims of Different Sects859 Words   |  3 Pagesinterreligious conflicts within the Islam as a religion. There are fundamentally four types or branches of Islam if we may call it as below: Islam followed by Sunnis, Islam followed by Shias, Islam followed by Wahabis, Islam followed by some other sects and groups (Syed B. Soharwardy, 2012). The most striking fact however is that they all claim to be the true Islam and each point fingers at the other Islam as being the Mushrik or the Kafir (pagan). They call each other names that should neverRead MoreReligion Is A Social Institution Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagesdoes not matter where or what is practiced as long as there is a unified body of believers. 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Society is more important and powerful than the individual, just as God is.  · Collective conscience: Religion reinforces the shared values and moral; beliefs - what Durkheim called the collective conscience -that hold society together.  · Collective worship Through acts of collective worship, members of society express, communicateRead MoreReligion And Its Role Of A Peace Keeper By French Sociologist E Ě  Mile Durkheim1501 Words   |  7 Pagespresenting individuals with a shared sense of understanding through the rituals, as well as the belief in a higher power or God. Within a contemporary society, religion is arguably playing a different role to that which it played during the early 20th century, a time throughout which Durkheim’s sociological influence and research was prominent. Contemporary, postmodern societies are far more likely to use and exploit religion in a varying way, for many reasons - technological advances and media takeovers,Read More Roman and Greek Philosophys Influence on Todays Western Culture780 Words   |  4 Pagesthe gods as little more than stories to scare naughty children . They were looking for comfort in uncertain times, and they found philosophy too dry. Many different cults -- of the Great Mother, of Dionysus, of Isis from Egypt, M ithra from Persia, Baal from Syria, Yahweh from Palestine -- became popular. Eventually, the Judaic sect we now call Christianity would prevail. The single most important philosophy in Rome was Stoicism, which originated in Hellenistic Greece. The contents of the philosophyRead MoreGeneral Essay on Chinese Religions2709 Words   |  11 Pageswhich is traditionally dated from 1766 to 1122 BCE, that we find evidence of a developing culture and religious practices. The religion of the Shang was principally characterised by the use of oracle bones for divination and the development of the cult of ancestors. It was believed that the cracks that resulted from burning ox bones or tortoise shells represented messages sent from the gods about a variety of matters such as illness, the weather or hunting. Belief in deities and the practice of theRead MoreA Multi National Organization, And Religion1684 Words   |  7 Pagesmedical practices and its simulated psychiatric practices serve as instruments of brainwashing and its social programs of rehabilitation of drug addicts is not merely a social service but it also increases its membership. Working with the outcasts of society and welcoming them into their church is a sure method of increasing its numbers, because they take in people who have problems in social adjustments and who have no set objectives and purpose in life. To show them that the organization cares for themRead MoreGender Differences in Religious Belief1817 Words   |  8 Pagesdeeply oppressive to women, born from ancient teachings indicating their inferiority to men. Writers like de Beauvoir and Sadwai see religion and religious ideology as playing a part in maintaining male domination that is found in many aspects of contemporary social life. In religious scriptures women take the lesser position; De Beauvoir highlights how scriptures in most religions suggest that â€Å"man is master by divine right† and Aldridge explains how in the Qu’ran women are legally inferior to menRead MoreEssay about Religious Challenges to Constructing a Democratic Iraq3427 Words   |  14 Pagesdemocracy take hold in an Is lamic Iraq? 10 Conclusion 11 References 13 Abstract Islam has been Iraqs dominant religion for centuries. The religion plays an important part in every aspect of Iraqs society, to include its government. A democracy gives freedom to a nations people, embracing the many characteristics of Christianity. It can be argued that Islam is, and will continue to be a cornerstone of any government in Iraq. Likewise, ChristianityRead MoreConflict Between Religion And Conflict3009 Words   |  13 Pagesrather from historical and contemporary competition for state power. Sunni and Shiite identities are as much ethnic as religious, and intergroup relations between the two are much related, nevertheless more violent, than relations between Walloons and Flemish in Belgium or between English and French in Canada, where language and culture rather than religious belief comprise the key sources of division. In the meantime, the Kurds—the third principal constituent society in Iraq—are ethnically based

Highlights of the German Pension Fund Free Essays

There is a legal separation between the employer and the pension institution with the German pension fund.   It offers lifelong retirement benefits. The coverage of biometric risks – and not merely its function as an investment instrument – was one of the social requirements emphasized by the European Parliament but not adopted in the final draft. We will write a custom essay sample on Highlights of the German Pension Fund or any similar topic only for you Order Now The plan guarantees participants a right to their benefits guarantees, a compulsory redemption of contributions, thus the employer guarantees the payment of the retirement benefits in the event that the pension fund should be bankrupted. Members will benefit from timely and accurate disclosure of information. The activities are subject to the monitoring of the Germany Supervisory Authority. Recognition has been given to trying to create a level playing field amongst service providers. The pension fund is the only financing instrument for which the complete subcontracting of biometric risks, asset management and administration is possible. The tax features make it attractive. The German Government adopted the recommendation on tax relief to contributions as well as the deductibility of pension costs as a business expense.   The pension plan makes it easier for internationally mobile employees to transfer their pension rights. I selected German Volkswagen Company and analyzed its pension plan (attached) according to its annual balance sheet.  Ã‚   Volkswagen places pension benefits under the liabilities column on the balance sheet.   The pension benefits plans are under-funded according to the balance sheet. How Volkswagen Accounts for Pension Provisions Financial Reporting PENSION PROVISIONS The actuarial valuation of pension provisions is based on the projected unit credit method in respect of defined benefit plans in accordance with IAS 19. The valuation is based not only on pension payments and vested entitlements known at the balance sheet date, but also reflects future salary and pension trends. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized directly in equity, net of deferred taxes. PROVISIONS FOR TAXES Tax provisions contain obligations resulting from current taxes. Deferred taxes are presented in separate items of the balance sheet and income statement DEFERRED TAXES Deferred tax assets are generally recognized for taxable temporary differences between the tax base of assets and their carrying amounts in the consolidated balance sheet, as well as on tax loss carry forwards and tax credits provided it is probable that they can be used in future periods. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences between the tax base of liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated balance sheet. Deferred tax liabilities and assets are recognized in the amount of the expected tax liability or tax benefit, as appropriate, in subsequent fiscal years, based on the expected enacted tax rate at the time of realization. The tax consequences of dividend payments are not taken into account until the resolution on appropriation of earnings available for distribution has been adopted. Deferred tax assets that are unlikely to be realized within a clearly predictable period are reduced by valuation allowances.   Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset where taxes are levied by the same taxation authority and relate to the same tax period. (Volkswagen 2007) In a defined-benefit plan, the employer guarantees that the employee will receive a definite amount of benefit upon retirement, regardless of the performance of the underlying investment pool. A defined benefit plan promises a specified monthly benefit at retirement. The plan may state this promised benefit as an exact dollar amount, such as $100 per month at retirement. Alternatively, more commonly, it may calculate a benefit through a plan formula that considers such factors as salary and service — for example, 1 percent of average salary for the last 5 years of employment for every year of service with an employer. In the defined-contribution plan the employer makes predefined contributions for the employee, but the final amount of benefit received by the employee depends on the investment’s performance. In these plans, the employee or the employer (or both) contribute to the employee’s individual account under the plan, sometimes at a set rate, such as 5 percent of earnings annually. These contributions are invested on the employee’s behalf. The employee will ultimately receive the balance in their account, which is based on contributions plus or minus investment gains or losses. Examples of defined contribution plans include 401(k) plans, 403(b) plans, employee stock ownership plans, and profit-sharing plans. Cost and liability determined in this way for a pay-related plan are clearly â€Å"insufficient† when compared, for example, to the IAS19 or SFAS87 methodology, but the available deductions are generally more favorable than those allowed for by the various external pension vehicles (support funds, â€Å"Pensionskassen†, direct insurances and also reinsurance contracts for book reserve plans.) â€Å"These approaches have suffered under less favorable tax rules (tax limits on funding or taxation as employee income) or insurance supervisory law with prohibitively high insurance premiums (based on an interest rate of 2.75 percent).† In the United States a retirement plan is usually, tax exempt or tax-deferred.   The employer will contribute along with the employee in most cases towards a fund set aside for the employee’s future retirement benefits savings fund. The employer on the employee’s behalf invests the funds; the employee then receives benefits upon retirement. The employee often has the option for early retirement, but savings benefits for the retirement plan in this case will be at a reduced amount.   There has been a growing concern in recent years in the United States with companies filing bankruptcy and people losing their retirement, thus not all plans are secure investments for retirement. Comparing to American and German pension plans I can say that German pension plans are much stronger, guaranteed and beneficial for retirees. The reasons are probably different state policies. Germany is more socialistic country comparing to America. In Germany social services and benefits are huge comparing to America, for example in Germany healthcare is free and every individual are entitled to receive free healthcare and other medical services. References Volkswagen   (2007).   On the Internet at:     www.edgarscan.pwcglobal.com Volkswagen   (2007).   On the Internet at:     www.gutenberg.org Volkswagen (2007).   Annual Report.   On the Internet at: http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/gb2007/content/en/annual_report_2007.html   Volkswagen (2007) .   Annual Report.   On the Internet at: http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/gb2007/content/en/annual_report_2007 Volkswagen AG Frankfurt Stock Exchange (2007).  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the Internet at: http://www.reuters.com How to cite Highlights of the German Pension Fund, Papers

JTW Glass Door Manufacturing Firm

Questions: 1. Key objectives that aimed to achieve by JTW.2. Selection for appropriate suppliers.3. SIX major pieces of information included in the Request for Quotation (RFQ) document. Answer: Introduction: This case study is about the first airplane's window manufacturer for both civilian airliners and military aircraft. Now a day glass has limited use in the manufacturing procedure. Mainly acrylic is used now for the window manufacturing purpose; it is much lighter than standard glass. JTW is interested in improving its technology to manufacture acrylic that requires quantity of liquid monomer. Liquid monomer is the principal required raw material to produce acrylic. JTW's head procurement, Mr. Vasseem Ibrahim identified two liquid monomer suppliers one in America and other in the Far East. Procuring raw materials from the international market might create several issues (Barczak 2015). There are many risk management key factors used to overcome these problems. Here this essay will demonstrate different objectives to achieve the aim, several appraisable competitive tendering, criteria to select appropriate suppliers and a weighted point system that are going to be used for the evaluation of quotations from two international suppliers. 1. Key objectives that aimed to achieve by JTW: Mr. Vasseem Ibrahim intended to make direct contact with the foreign suppliers of liquid monomers (Veldman and Schiele 2014). There are certain criteria he should keep in mind during the arrangement of providers. These are discussed below: The quality of the product: The mentioned international suppliers belong to America and the Far East. Therefore, the quality of the product is required to good. There is a difference between acrylic and liquid monomers. Acrylic referred to as high quality plastics. A group of polymers noted for its transparency and elasticity is known as Acrylic. Military airplanes are needed to be highly protected the civilian planes similarly as well. Therefore, the quality of the monomer should be good (Bolton, Gustafsson and Walker 2013). Price: This is an advanced chemical technology introduced to reduce the use of standard glass doors. As the suppliers industry is far from JTW headquarter, the price will be much for the supply (Kinoshita 2012). They do use porters five forces competency model to demonstrate the actual price for commercial benefit. Delivery of the raw materials: The delivery time for the raw material is essential to be fixed by the suppliers. The raw material flow should maintain the SCM (Supply Chain Management) methodology (Bozarth and Handfield 2015). JTW should be aware of the actual delivery time of the raw material so that on the date of manufacturing so such issue will arise. Payments term and after-sales service along with maintenance arrangements: In any business, buyers and sellers both are aware of their profit. There are different delivery methods followed by various organizations. The price should be checked along with the quality of the product. As this is new, chemical technology the service provider will not be available everywhere during the requirement (Bolton, Gustafsson and Walker 2013). Therefore, it is necessary to avail the maintenance arrangement as well. Figure 1: key objectives (Source: DelibaiĆ¡ 2014, pp-72) 1.1 Competitive trending is an appropriate method: Competitive tendering is an appropriate portfolio of products and services. This is awarding the contract to one of the international suppliers of liquid monomers. There are several advantages behind competitive tendering. This level of competition is always established between the same product vendors and the same products buyers. JWT mainly uses the Posters five forces policy to select and reduce the competition market (Ortaboy 2013). They can make bargaining for the selection of the best suppliers. The advantages for competitive trending are discussed below: Benefits of competitive tendering: Mr. Michael Porter introduced the aggressive marketing policy. That includes cost leadership, differentiation, cost focus and differentiation focus (Walker 2013). Reduced cost for the service level agreement that provides more competition rate. This is known as going rate. Another term is called ripple effect. It is a cost reduction methodology by the improvement of public agencies performance in accordance with the responsive competitive environment (Barczak 2015). Revenue of tax, license for authentication, and payment done by the private contractors for the service provided to the public cost id reduced (Bolton, Gustafsson and Walker 2013). Tendering competitive market follows the below steps respectively: In a defined period the government started finding for the competitive tenders to deliver a perfect quantity and effective quality measuring duty. Different contractors are hired to deliver the products during the given time period. Whenever the contractor fails to provide the delivery within the period they have to suffer by penalty (Kinoshita and Tzeng 2012). New service providers are allocated for the buyers and then the procedure move on. 2.0 Selection for appropriate suppliers Identification of vendors: It is important to gather the opinions of stakeholders to define the criteria required for the selection process (Grasemann 2014). The list of speakers includes different members from purchasing, research and development, quality assurance, marketing and many other areas. These reflect on the selection procedure. The cost, delivery, time-duration, maintenance arrangements are the list of features should be the content of an individual supplier. Measurement of supply performance: Once the order is ready for the sellers side as well as from the buyers side it is necessary to measure the performance of the suppliers. Firstly, it is estimated that within the given period whether the vendor can provide the raw material or not (Kinoshita 2012). According to the time, the quality of the product provides is good enough or not. Within the given period, the best quality product is required by JTW. Supplier qualification screening: Screening of providers' qualification is necessary for this field. In this case, the raw material is acrylic, which is lighter than regular glass and costly also (Veldman and Schiele 2014). At the given range both of the international suppliers performances are tested according to that, the selection method should move on. They should communicate well with the dealers with a positive can-do attitude. They should have a mind to attracting and impress the buyers as well. The suppliers must meet more than the minimum requirement of the customers. Improvement Policy: A good provider should have to make an improvement all the time. The American acrylic monomer suppliers' every day improving their technology to make lighter weighted and robust improved windows for the military airplanes. The chemical improvement is quite affordable than the others (Grasemann 2014). Therefore, according to Vasseem American acrylic or semi-liquid monomers producing company should come under deal as the suppliers. A high quality product providing organization will make JTW beneficial. Creation of supply base: The suppliers those have already passed the qualification needs and are suitable for contract awards referred to as the predefined qualified suppliers. Good suppliers are always flexible and reliable as well. They should not uncover significant opportunities. They must maintain the CRM (Customer Relationship Management) chain. Poor consumers can prevent suppliers being good and reach the benefit (Bolton, Gustafsson and Walker 2013). JTW is a well-known organization that manufactures glass windows but now trying to improve its technology by establishing a CRM along with the two acrylic producing firms. 3.0 SIX major pieces of information included in the Request for Quotation (RFQ) document SIX principal parts are including in the application for quotation document. This is needed for every loan application (Grauerholz 2013). The application will be invalid if any of the keys among the six pieces is missed out. These are the fundamental pieces of information required to start the processing of the loan application for the Lender. Again sometimes addition information is also necessary to the lenders (Kawakami 2015). Mr. Vasseem wanted these SIX key pieces of information to assign the loan application to deal with the international suppliers from America and the Far East. Any business appraisal needs the huge investment of money for the commercial benefit. This investment is not possible without bank loans. Real estate attorneys help their clients to avoid the risky situation by making sure the approved application process. The SIX key pieces that are followed by the appraisal the loan are- Name of the consumer Income per month Social security number The property address An estimates value of the property The final loan amount Request for quotation has SIX tool keys that are followed by all business modules. The entities related to the diagnostic tool keys are again interrelated to each other. Here the name of the consumer is JTW (Matyjaszewski 2014). The loan provider will measure the monthly range of income and according to the amount of loan will be decided. 3.1 Suppliers weighted point evaluation method There are certain features required for the evaluation of the right suppliers. Not all the key points are possible to analyze for the selection process, but some of the key points are measured for the assessment purpose (Kinoshita and Tzeng 2012). There are some advantages and disadvantages as well. The benefits include flexibility of the system, allows the ranking of the suppliers; it can moderate the implementation cost, it combines the qualitative and quantitative factors into a single system. The disadvantages include tending to focus on the unit price, in also requires some unit skills. The suppliers evaluation criteria most of the times uses this method of supplier selection (Goetsch 2014). JTW also compares two of the providers' companies' backgrounds. The entire range of status and the total supply chain methodologies that are followed by the firms. Suppliers evaluation and selection have many criteria such as- management capability, employee capabilities, cost structures, t otal quality performance, systems and philosophy, financial stability, environmental regulation and compliances, production scheduling and control system, ecommerce compatibility, suppliers sourcing strategies, and long-term relationship potentials. The entities that are related to the arbitrary point are quality, delivery, price, service and the overall total point (Oostveen 2014). Among these points, the two point distributions are quality and price. For the supplier selection criteria, these are the most important features that come under consideration. JTW glass window Manufacturing Company is planning to establish a connection as a dealer with the international suppliers (Barczak 2015). An assessment of the publication that has been accounted for the JTW leading manufacturer provides MP products and reveals healthy total profit range over the amount of 8 percent till last two years. Conclusion In this study, the researcher focused on the leading glass door supplier organization JTW. They produce glass doors for the military as well as for the civilian airplanes. Now in this competitive market competition is everywhere for survival. There are many other glass doors manufacturer became a contest to JTW (Wassenhove 2013). Similarly, implementation of light weighted glass-like doors called acrylic is becomes another game to JTW. They are trying to produce this kind of glass doors but for that, they need raw material suppliers. The head of procurement of JTW has decided to make a deal with the acrylic producer companies. One of the suppliers firms is in America and other in the Far East. Between these two suppliers, which firm are going to be selected, and the financial department of JTW decides which one to be rejected. According to the behavior of the providers and the right management, the decision is taken. There is SIX diagnostic essential tools information that is used to sanction the loan application. The tools include name of the consumer, monthly income, social security number, the property address, an estimated value of the property, and the amount of loan. References Bozarth, C.C. and Handfield, R.B., 2015.Introduction to operations and supply chain management. Prentice Hall. Chirica, C., 2013. Relationship marketing-best practice in the banking sector.Amfiteatru Economic,15(33), p.288. De Freitas, G. and Sternad, M., Airbus Operations Gmbh, 2013.Device for supporting a door which is pivotably received in a fuselage airframe of an aircraft. U.S. Patent 8,418,961. Dekker, R., Fleischmann, M., Inderfurth, K. and van Wassenhove, L.N. eds., 2013.Reverse logistics: quantitative models for closed-loop supply chains. Springer Science Business Media Fawcett, S.E., Ellram, L.M. and Ogden, J.A., 2014.Supply chain management: from vision to implementation. London: Pearson. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. He, H., Zhong, M., Luebke, D., Nulwala, H. and Matyjaszewski, K., 2014. Atom transfer radical polymerization of ionic liquid monomer: The influence of salt/counterion on polymerization.Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry,52(15), pp.2175-2184. Isik, M., Gracia, R., Kollnus, L.C., Tome, L.C., Marrucho, I.M. and Mecerreyes, D., 2014, August. Cholinium Lactate Methacrylate: Ionic Liquid Monomer for Cellulose Composites and Biocompatible Ion Gels. InMacromolecular Symposia(Vol. 342, No. 1, pp. 21-24). JovanoviĆ¡, B. and DelibaiĆ¡, B., 2014. Application of integrated QFD and fuzzy AHP approach in selection of suppliers.Management, p.72. Kastner, W. and Grauerholz, T., Airbus Operations Gmbh, 2013.Method for manufacturing a fibre-composite component, fibre-composite component and fibre-composite fuselage component of an aircraft. U.S. Patent 8,398,910. Kawakami, T., Barczak, G. and DurmuÃ…Å ¸oÄÅ ¸lu, S.S., 2015. Information Technology Tools in New Product Development: The Impact of Complementary Resources*,.Journal of Product Innovation Management,32(4), pp.622-635. Khodakarami, F. and Chan, Y.E., 2014. Exploring the role of customer relationship management (CRM) systems in customer knowledge creation.Information Management,51(1), pp.27-42. Nguyen, B. and Mutum, D.S., 2012. A review of customer relationship management: successes, advances, pitfalls and futures.Business Process Management Journal,18(3), pp.400-419. Oostveen, A.M., Kaufmann, M., Krempel, E. and Grasemann, G., 2014, July. Automated Border Control: A Comparative Usability Study At Two European Airports. In8th International Conference on Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction (IHCI 2014), Lisbon, Portugal. Ortaboy, S., Acar, E.T., Atun, G., Emik, S., Ä °yim, T.B., Gl, G. and zgmÃ…Å ¸, S., 2013. Performance of acrylic monomer based terpolymer/montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels for U (VI) removal from aqueous solutions.Chemical Engineering Research and Design,91(4), pp.670-680. Ozaki, T., Lo, M.C., Kinoshita, E. and Tzeng, G.H., 2012. Decision-making for the best selection of suppliers by using minor ANP.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,23(6), pp.2171-2178. Pulles, N.J., Veldman, J. and Schiele, H., 2014. Identifying innovative suppliers in business networks: An empirical study.Industrial marketing management,43(3), pp.409-418. Pyzdek, T. and Keller, P.A., 2014.The six sigma handbook(p. 25). McGraw-Hill Education. Son, S.J., Kim, K.B., Lee, Y.H., Lee, D.J. and Kim, H.D., 2012. Effect of acrylic monomer content on the properties of waterborne poly (urethaneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ urea)/acrylic hybrid materials.Journal of Applied Polymer Science,124(6), pp.5113-5121. Song, X., Yao, W., Lu, G., Li, Y. and Huang, X., 2013. t BHBMA: a novel trifunctional acrylic monomer for the convenient synthesis of PAA-g-PCL well-defined amphiphilic graft copolymer.Polymer Chemistry,4(9), pp.2864-2875. Tarasi, C.O., Bolton, R.N., Gustafsson, A. and Walker, B.A., 2013. Relationship characteristics and cash flow variability implications for satisfaction, loyalty, and customer portfolio management.Journal of Service Research,16(2), pp.121-137. Tayur, S., Ganeshan, R. and Magazine, M. eds., 2012.Quantitative models for supply chain management(Vol. 17). Springer Science Business Media. Wang, Y. and Feng, H., 2012. Customer relationship management capabilities: Measurement, antecedents and consequences.Management Decision,50(1), pp.115-129. Zhao, Y., Xiao, Y. and Yu, B., 2013, October. Selection of Military and Local Integration Emergency Material Procurement Suppliers Based on Set Pair Analysis Method. InInternational Academic Workshop on Social Science (IAW-SC-13). Atlantis Press.